What Are National Geography Standards

The National Geography Standards were published in 1994 to guide geographic education in the United States. The eighteen standards shed light on what the geographically informed person should know and understand. These standards replaced the five themes of geography. The hope is that every student in America would become a geographically informed person through the implementation of these standards in the classroom. The geographically informed person knows and understands the following: The World in Spatial Terms How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information.How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments.How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earths surface. Places and Regions The physical and human characteristics of places.That people create regions to interpret Earths complexity.How culture and experience influence peoples perception of places and regions. Physical Systems The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earths surface.The characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems on Earths surface. Human Systems The characteristics, distribution, and migration of human populations on Earths surface.The characteristics, distributions, and complexity of Earths cultural mosaics.The patterns and networks of economic interdependence on Earths surface.The process, patterns, and functions of human settlement.How forces of cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earths surface. Environment and Society How human actions modify the physical environment.How physical systems affect human systems.The changes that occur in the meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources. The Uses of Geography How to apply geography to interpret the past.To apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future. Source National Council for Geographic Education

How Far Can It Be Argued That Popular Culture Is...

The Marxist concept of ideology is used to express the way in which the dominant group in a society controls the norms and values of that society at the level of ideas. As they own and direct the production of popular cultural products the dominant group are able to present their ideas as both normal and natural and `so mystify the `real conditions of existence (Hall.1992.p348). In this way the group holding power exercises maximum control with the minimum of conflict. The general population accepts the status quo as inevitable, and revolution is avoided. While Marxists view this as a matter of Capitalist control, Feminists see ideological domination as the means by which women are encouraged to accept a subordinate role in patriarchal†¦show more content†¦Feminist theory shares much common ground with Marxism and many of the ideas of European Marxists have been appropriated and used by feminists. It has been suggested that this is particularly true of the ideas of Althus ser and Gramsci (Gramman and Marshment in Strinati.1995.p180). Both of these theorists place emphasis on the idea of ideology as a means of control. Althusser suggests that ideology is not merely inherent in popular cultural practices but becomes `material practice (Storey.1998.p97) and a part of daily existence. For Althusser ideology is found in the customs, traditions and patterns of behaviour of everyday life in such a way that social actors are not aware of their participation in the acceptance and propagation of the ideas of the most powerful group in society. Using Althussers theories feminists may suggest that a tradition such as the celebration of Mothers Day can be seen as valourizing that particular role for women, while failing to recognize any other. This may lead women to see the maternal role as the most important one for them in society, thus serving the interests of the dominant male group by encouraging women not only to become mothers, but also to assume the po sition of primary child carers. Such an interpretation suggests that many traditions and customs are to a large extent ideological.Show MoreRelatedThe Bachelor And The Construction And Destruction Of The Fantasy Romance3051 Words   |  13 PagesThe Bachelor and the Construction and Destruction of the Fantasy Romance Reality TV shows, especially dating programs, has become a popular culture phenomenon status globally in the past few decades. The media have taken advantage of this trend to incorporate them into their mainstream programming in order to maximize profits from the intense followership it attracts among various audiences. 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Secular Stagnation Determinants and Consequences

Question: Discuss about the Secular Stagnation for Determinants and Consequences. Answer: Introduction: A bubble is the phenomenon that occurs within the economy because of land boom. The speculation of people along with the demand and exuberance leads to an upward escalation in the price of housing (David 2016). Under this circumstance, the price quoted is greater than the intrinsic value of the house. Abiding by the law of demand, the sudden escalation in price leads to sharp decline in peoples demand while supply remaining constant (Scutt 2016). Hence, bubble is formed in the market. Recently over the past few years, Australia is facing this phenomenon as is shown in the diagram below. Charles Ponzi introduced the notion of Ponzi scheme back in 1920. It is a scheme where huge amount of return is provided on investment at the initial stage. This return is obtained from the investment made by other investors and the chain continues (Jain 2015). In this way, the investors are beguiled and the swindle is spread throughout the nation. The sudden upward escalation in the building approval in Australian housing market is going to result in construction of more houses and apartments. This in turn would increase the supply while the demand remains constant. As a consequence, the price of housing and other real estate markets is going to get reduced sharply, leading to bubble burst within the economy. The diagram below explains the scenario. The initial equilibrium was at the point where the demand curve (D) and the supply curve (S) intersected. The equilibrium price quantity supplied were P * and Q* respectively. As a consequence of increased building approval supply increased and there has been an outward shift of the curve from S* to S1. As a result the price of house fell from P* to P and quantity supplied increased to Q. The process of elimination or reduction of government intervention in the financial sector is known as financial de-regulation. This is usually done to improve the competitive competency of the particular industry. This process has a severe control over the demand and supply of housing (Pickering 2015). As a result of de-regulation, the financial markets gets competitive in nature and as a consequence the interest rate gets lowered. It has been observed in past that due to financial de-regulation there has been an upward escalation in the demand for houses (Scutt 2016). With lowered interest rate, people have to pay less return on a certain sum of money, which in turn makes them better off. Under the competitive nature, free hands work creating a match between the demand and supply. As a result, the consumers are benefitted due to lowered interest rate and the banks are benefitted as more customers take up loans. Thereby, welfare is established in the economy due to de-regulation. Oligopoly is the market structure where there is existence of dominance by few numbers of sellers or firms. Other firms may exist in the market with negligible market power. In case of Australia, the media outlets, retail stores and the banking sector shows oligopoly structure (Taylor and Tyers 2017). Australia has been dominated by 4 major banks namely Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, ANZ and NAB. The ACCC has termed Australias banking sector to be cosy in nature. The 4 major banks has control over the entire banking industry and they manipulate the interest rate while working on the same line of principle (Eyres 2016). Competition in this industry is negligible instead while working with same principle, these banks often comes close to one another in terms of its operation and hence it has received the term cosy oligopoly. References: David, L. (2016). As Australia's housing bubble gets bigger, the Reserve Bank prepares to blame Trump | Lindsay David. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/dec/01/as-australias-housing-bubble-gets-bigger-the-reserve-bank-prepares-to-blame-trump [Accessed 29 Jan. 2017]. Eyres, J. (2016). ACCC warns 'cosy' banks it is concerned about competition. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/accc-warns-cosy-banks-it-is-concerned-about-competition-20160322-gnojod.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2017]. Jain, A., 2015. Easy Money: The greatest Ponzi scheme ever and how it is set to destroy the global financial system.Abhigyan,33(2), pp.79-80. Pickering, C. (2015). An omen for Australian house prices. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/business-spectator/an-omen-for-australian-house-prices/news-story/cdee8d0ab8b2148360ee5588fac53004 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2017]. Scutt, D. (2016). In the week we've had a warning on oversupply, Australian apartment approvals just exploded again. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/australian-building-approvals-surged-in-july-to-second-highest-monthly-total-on-record-2016-8 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2017]. Taylor, G. and Tyers, R., 2017. Secular stagnation: Determinants and consequences for Australia.

Song of Hannah and Psalm 113 Essay Example

Song of Hannah and Psalm 113 Essay If there is one description that makes these two hymns identical is that these are both songs of praise and thanksgiving. Both come from the spirit that acknowledges God to be the Sovereign One who seems to always overrule everything for the cause of the poor; people who are not just materially and physically destitute, but their life situations have rendered them totally dependent on God who alone can reverse their plight. The background for Hannah’s song of praise in 1 Samuel 2 is her deliverance from her disadvantaged state when she was yet barren and was ridiculed and looked at with scorn by Peninnah. Because it was specifically promised God to the Israelites in the ancient times the multiplication of their numbers, it had become to them an unmistakable sign of God’s favor when their women were given the ability to bear children.Bearing children was one of the few things that they valued greatly in Old Testament times (Constable, 2000). Hannah experienced Godâ€℠¢s deliverance when God in answer to her prayer had given her Samuel – her firstborn. No one could have understood nor ever have a glimpse of insight into what Hannah has gone through in her barren years if not for the inspired record of her song. The song is actually a disclosure of Hannah’s heart. What she realized through her ordeal was the fact that God is on the side of the disadvantaged who actively trust in Him. It has become the common sentiment among God’s people that God helps the helpless. Psalm 113 is the same in its tone as Hannah’s hymn. It is a song of praise to God for His ability to save. Verses 7-9 are particularly similar to Hannah’s words in 1 Samuel 2:1-10 (Perowne, 1976). It expresses the same thoughts.Another aspect of Psalm 113 which is very similar to Hannah’s song is the humble acknowledgement of God’s condescension to humanity in general. In spite of the fact that God is the One who governs and provides for all of His creatures, and besides the fact that He is infinitely â€Å"above† and â€Å"dwells on high,† He humbles Himself in that He bothers to visit or meddle with the lowly affairs of humans. In His condescension in dealing with mankind, He would even stoop so low as to lift up â€Å"the poor out of the dust.† He rewards the humble with promotion among the nobles of the earth. Indeed, it is a standard working of God to exalt those who are lowly and it has become a common thing among those who are familiar with the ways of God to see God’s working on the behalf of people who rest their cause in the hands of the mighty God knowing that from Him will come their reward in following His will and trusting only in Him while the pressure around tells them to adopt other ways (A. Clarke Commentary). Psalm 113 is one among other psalms that constitute hallel (a command to praise).According to bible scholars, Hallel is a collection of psalms that male Jews would use as they are required to go to Jerusalem to celebrate the three feasts – Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles. God is the great deliverer of His people. This theme of God being the deliverer resonates throughout the Scripture – from Sarah, Rachel, Job, and Mary in the New Testament. Mary’s Magnificat in Luke 1:46-55 is also similar to the Song of Hannah. The culmination of God’s deliverance or rather the ultimate expression of it is found in the Incarnation. In Christ Jesus, God who was the highest had made Himself so low that He became a man. Just by becoming a human being, the holy and transcendent God had stripped Himself of any â€Å"reputation.† But yet, in Incarnation, He went as far as â€Å"taking the form of a bondservant.† This is what the psalmist has tried to make clear in contemplating on God’s deliverance. Every time that God executes justice for the poor, it means also the humiliation of God who bothers to save in t he first place.It is an always an inspiring moment when a person only understand the essence of the hymn or song that Psalm 113 and as compared and contrasted with Hannah’s song. There are times in a person’s life that no words are more apt to describe the anguish, joy and any of the different ranges of meanings that many of our experiences are bringing us. The scriptures such as that of Hannah’s account and the passage in Psalm 113 for instance make many of these unexplainable feelings and experiences easier to express.

CapitalPpunishment essays

CapitalPpunishment essays Capital Punishment: A needless waste. The death penalty was originally brought to America from Europeans in the 1600s (Laurence, 23). Some states have abolished implement of the pathetic eye for an eye attempt of resolving and decreasing criminal activity, however most still enforce the 100 year-old petty form of torture. When most argue against capital punishment one usually considers the coldness of killing people and the poor treatment of a criminal it creates. Few view if continuing to use capital punishment profits the society. Capital punishment is not beneficial to the society that enforces it. When a civilization to acknowledges murder by the government, it reduces the civilizations value for human life. Retribution for a wrongly accused criminal is impossible, and the death penalty does not reduce crime. To expose a civilization to acknowledged murders by the government reduces the societys value for human life. Watching executions desensitizes these civilizations regard for human life. The society will start to believe that murder is acceptable under the circumstance that the inflicted are criminals. Criminals feel one of their side have been taken and wants to even the ratio (Deacons, 52). This would enhance criminal activity creating a more hostile environment, lowering their respect for human life. The increase in the death rate and exposure to the cold hands of a society composes more deaths for the society to perceive. Capital punishment preaches revenge on the enforced society. Civilians feel if the government can seek and perform revenge then why can its people not. The state uses violence but asks its citizens to embrace nonviolence 0(Father John, 2). This causes tension between ruler and society. The expectation of this is impossible for a mind to comprehend. Yes , they have thinned the gruesomeness from the criminal being hung before the town, ...

Gun Ownership by Country -- Americans Lead

Gun Ownership by Country Americans Lead The United States has the highest level of gun ownership per person of any country. This fact is startling but true. According to data compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and analyzed by  The Guardian, Americans own 42 percent of all civilian guns in the world. This figure is especially startling when you consider that the U.S. makes up just 4.4 percent of the worlds population. Just How Many Guns Do Americans Own? The estimated tally in 2012, according to the UN, was 270 million civilian-owned guns in the U.S., or 88 guns per every 100 hundred people.  Unsurprisingly, given these figures, the U.S.  has the highest number of guns per capita (per person) and the highest rate of gun-related homicides of all developed countries: 29.7 per 1 million people. By comparison, no other developed countries come even close to those rates. Among the thirteen developed countries studied, the average rate of gun-related homicide is 4 per 1 million people. The developed nation with the rate closest to the U.S., Switzerland, has just 7.7 gun-related homicides per 1 million people. (There are other countries with higher rates of gun-related homicide per capita, but not among developed nations.) Gun rights advocates often suggest that the U.S. has high annual numbers of gun-related crime because of the size of our population, but these statistics which examine rates rather than totals prove otherwise. About a Third of American Households Own All Those Guns In terms of ownership, however, the rate of 88 guns per 100 people is rather misleading. In reality, the majority of civilian-owned guns in the U.S. are owned by a minority of gun owners. Just over a third of U.S. households own guns, but according to the 2004 National Firearms Survey, 20 percent of those households own a full 65 percent of the total civilian gun stock. American Gun Ownership Is a Social Problem In a society as saturated in guns as the U.S., its important to recognize that gun violence is a  social, rather than an individual or psychological problem. A 2010 study by professors Paul Appelbaum and Jeffrey Swanson published in  Psychiatric Services  found that just 3–5 percent of violence can be attributed to mental illness, and in most of these cases guns were not used. While those with certain types of serious mental illness are more likely than the general public to commit an act of violence, these individuals only make up a small percentage of people with mental illness: most people with a mental illness don’t engage in violent behavior. Moreover, individuals with mental illness are also at a higher risk of being victims of violence. According to data from the National Institute of Mental Health, alcohol is a much more significant contributing factor to the likelihood of whether someone will commit a violent act. Sociologists believe that gun violence is a social problem because it is socially created by support for laws and policies that enable gun ownership on a mass scale. It is justified and perpetuated by social phenomena too, like the widespread ideology that guns represent freedom  and the troubling discursive trope that guns make society safer, though overwhelming evidence points to the contrary. This social problem is also fueled by sensationalist news coverage and dangerous politicking focused on violent crime, leading the American public to believe that gun  crime is more common today than it was two decades ago, despite the fact that it has been on the decline for decades. According to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey, just 12 percent of U.S. adults know the truth. The connection between the presence of guns in a household and gun-related deaths is undeniable. Countless studies have shown that living in a home where guns are present increases ones risk of dying by homicide, suicide, or by gun-related accident. Studies also show that it is women who are at greater risk than men in this situation, and that guns in the home also increase the risk that a woman suffering domestic abuse will ultimately be killed by her abuser (see the extensive list of publications by Dr. Jacquelyn C. Campbell of Johns Hopkins University). So, the question then is, why do we as a society insist on denying the very clear connection between the presence of guns and gun-related violence? This is a pressing area of sociological inquiry if ever there was one.

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example One of the key individual who has highlighted the importance of capitalism in his research is Adam Smith who proposed the theory of the invisible hand (Wilber 1998, 7). According to his theory there is a hand that cannot be seen but is guiding a particular economy to achieve the purpose of common good. According to his concept, the government does not have to intervene in the market and the market is regulated itself and this concept is similar to the concept of laissez faire. Strengths Those economists who are considered as liberalist and capitalist in nature are of the idea that the economy under liberalism is ruled by eight basic tenants (Davis 2008, 5). The initial tenant of liberalism and capitalism is that people operate to safeguard their own interest and to achieve their own aims and objectives before considering the interest of others. The second element of liberalism is that market is place where buyers and sellers meet each other in order to exchange goods and services. Th e third element of liberalism is that everyone has a free will to own property and assets should be privatized and not controlled by the government. The fifth element of this kind of economy is that market is governed and guided by the forces of competition. In order to achieve this element of liberalism, the sellers in the market have to operate in such a way that they compete with each other to attract more and more consumers and in order to attract more consumers they compete through the tools of pricing and they try to utilize their resources in the most efficient manner. The sixth basic element of liberalism is that all individuals are free to choose for whom they are going to work and they can even choose the markets they are willing to serve. The seventh element of liberalism is that consumers are the most important part of the market. This principle is in line with Adam Smith’s idea of consumer sovereignty and the consumer is the decider of the number and kind of reso urces that will be used to produce a product and when this production will occur and for whom the production will be conducted. The last element of this form of economy is that government should not intervene in market operations and let the forces of demand and supply dictates the operations of the market. Another major figure who promoted the idea of liberalism and who himself was a believer of liberalism was John Maynard Keynes of the 20th century (Heinberg 2011, 38). According to his believes, the government should not intervene in a particular economy and they have minimum amount of role to play in the market that are created in foreign and local regions. This concept can clearly be witnessed in the BWS (Bretton Woods System) that was witnessed after the era of WWII. A major part of the BWS was the Keynesian Compromise according to which involvement of the state is limited to the operations of their local markets and their involvement is unnecessary in international market oper ations (Bordo 1993, 158). Those economists who are considered as liberals even support the hegemonic stability theory and they assert that market operations that are international in nature are more stabilized if there is presence of hegemon. Hegemon is a term used to refer to the elite or the dominant one who has the power to make

Three Newspaper Eras Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three Newspaper Eras - Essay Example 27). Innovations in printing, combined with the interest that was generated by current events, created increased readership and a need for more consistent reporting. According to Dietrich (2010), the political events that surrounded the American Revolution changed the nature of the newspaper industry. Until this time, newspapers consisted primarily of notices of events and advertisements. However, with the interest that was generated in the politics of the colonies versus the British government, reporting began to arise in which the political events were related in story form. Stories of the war began to be printed for the public that was greatly interested in what was occurring. The period from the end of the American Revolutionary War until the 1850’s saw a rise in partisan writing as the partisan press era dominated the newspaper industry. They battles between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were fought within the press as positions were declared and sides were taken. However, during the 1850’s the newspaper industry found it could increase its circulation by creating pieces that were more unbiased than within partisan based writings. The objective of increased readership to promote profit provided for newspaper writing that no longer took a political stand, but reported Freedoms Journal was the first African American newspaper. It was first published in 1827 and was followed by as many as forty other African American publications. The North Star, a publication begun by Fredrick Douglas in 1847, was dedicated to the cause of abolition. It was titled The North Star because the slaves who escaped captivity used the north star as a guiding light(LaRose & Straubhaar, 2009, p. 95). The first Native American Press was begun in 1828 with the Cherokee Phoenix which was put out in 1828. However, it was only a year later when the American government, founded on the principles of the Declaration of Independence which

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay The paper referred to with this text is the one entitled â€Å"Sports Utility Vehicles: The real cost of power,† and the intention in this document is to endeavor to explain the revision process and what I personally learnt from that process as it applies to this paper. In revising the paper, apart from the obvious spelling, punctuation, grammatical and referencing corrections, I also needed to look at the hypothesis, structure and argument basis. There were two reasons for this. Firstly, revision is necessary to ensure that the research and conclusions reached are in accordance with the main theme of the paper, and that it does not raise additional points, which have been left, unanswered. In the respect of the hypothesis question, upon reviewing my work I found that it was necessary to revise from the original, as this was not concisely presented, nor were the original boundaries of the question defined in a manner that was easy to follow. It therefore needed to be more clearly defined. Similarly, from the structural aspect, there was a need for this to be reorganized. In its initial format, some of the points portrayed in the paper were not organized in a manner that clearly led the reader from one to the next, creating what might have appeared to be a disjointed approach to the subject. Clarity was also one of the reasons for the revision. In parts of the paper, it was found that points were made for which there was no supporting evidence, or the relevance of those points to the hypothesis were not connected properly. During the revision of the work, these points were revisited. In most cases, it was possible to provide further clarification, which addressed the issues. However, it was found in one or two instances that further research was necessary to either support the point raised or re-analyze it. The other aspect of the original paper that did require revision was that of the citations and quotations. In some original cases, these did not provide ease of access for the reader and would have reduced the value of the paper as a credible research document. Some of the references were too vague and in other instances, references and bibliographical connections were missing. I believe that the value that I personally gained from the process of the revision of this paper will benefit future research and other work that I undertake. I learnt the importance of being able review work in an objective manner, questioning the arguments raised in an effort to seek their relevance to the issues being addressed and the hypothesis itself. In addition, I learnt that the style of writing and the structure of the document, in terms of both the sentences and the ordered manner of presenting points raised, make a significant difference to the clarity of the document and impacts upon it knowledge value for the reader or student. As a result, I believe that the revising of the SUV paper will provide me with the ability to produce a better standard of work in the future. It will also enable me to improve my knowledge and development skills. Work Cited Anon (2006). Revising the draft. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved 6 December 2006 from http://www. unc. edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/revision. html

A Critique of Thank You for Smoking? Essay -- Smoking Argumentative Es

A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† Peter Brimelow’s article â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† is an essay that looks at a rather extreme perspective on smoking. Brimelow starts off by describing the many actions that are taken against the tobacco industry; he writes that in some states, the government is trying to make the tobacco industry pay certain health care costs. However, he then goes on to state that smoking may actually be good for one’s health. He uses various sources to show that smoking has positive effects on our bodies; he states the decrease in risk in numerous diseases. Brimelow uses medical journals to show that smoking decreases the risk of diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. He also talks about some of the ways smoking enhances certain skills, â€Å"A battery of studies show that cigarettes really do stimulate alertness, dexterity and cognitive capacity† (Brimelow 141). Brimelow does pick a tough subject to talk about, but for the most part he does a good job writing his article and distributing information to the reader to support argument. In the beginning of Brimelow’s essay, he lists a number of organizations that are fighting against the tobacco industry, such as the Food & Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. Then out of nowhere he throws out his major claim, which is the thesis or the main point of the essay (McFadden 41). Every paper has a major claim; it is the central idea of the paper. The major claim says, â€Å"smoking might be, in some small ways, good for you† (Brimelow 141). This is a rather shocking thesis, due to the fact that generally when we think of smoking, we think of something very negative to a person’s health. Brimelow’s major claim is very difficu... ...own to be bad. However, even though the essay may not be persuasive in most cases, it is, for the most part, well written. Brimelow starts off the essay a little slow, he does not give the reader a sense of direction in the beginning, but the body definitely informs the reader. The body of the essay is filled with information supporting his thesis, and his values are very clear. His essay may not persuade many, but it is definitely informative and well written. Work Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. 141-142. Clark, Irene L. The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. McFadden, James. The Toulmin Method: From Classical Logic to Modern Argumentation. [PowerPoint Slide.] 5 February, 2004. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA.

Clarification Theory Essay

â€Å"Aristotle’s statement about the final end of tragedy— Purgation or Catharsis—has been so endlessly misunderstood, so uncritically assumed to be true.† Discuss. ‘Katharsis’ or ‘Catharsis’ is a word of Greek origin. In the Greek language it has three meanings—†Purgation,† â€Å"Purification,† â€Å"Clarifica ¬tion.† Aristotle uses this word in the Poetics only once. While dealing with the function of tragedy, Aristotle says only this much :— ‘’..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.through pity and fear effecting the proper Katharsis or purgation of these emotions.† But he himself does not give any meaning of the term ‘Catharsis.’ These are the later critics who have interpreted this word in various ways. And this has given birth to various theories. Let us, therefore, discuss some major theories of Catharsis. 1. The Pathological or Purgation Theory According to some Renaissance critics and later on critics like Twining and Barney, Catharsis is a medical metaphor, it denotes purgation, a pathological effect on the soul similar to the effect of medicine on the body. Just as the purgatives purge the body of the dirt and dross, similarly tragedy purges the mind of the unpleasant emotions of pity and fear by first exciting them and then providing them an emotional outlet. The result is a pleasurable relief. Milton also had explained this theory of Katharsis in his preface to Samson Agonistes. In the neo-classical era, Catharsis was taken to be an alopathic treatment with the unlike curing unlike. The arousing of pity and fear was supposed to bring about the purgation or evacuation of other emotions like anger, pride, etc. The spectacle of suffering arouses our pity and fear and we are ‘purged’ of the emotions that caused the suffering. If the suffering is caused by emotions like anger, hatred, or impiety towards the gods, we are ‘purged’ of such undesirable emotions, because we realise their evil consequences. â€Å"We learn from the terrible fates of evil men to avoid the vices they manifest.† Thomas Taylor in his introduction to the Poetics (1818) holds this view. Psychological Interpretation F.L. Lucas rejects the idea that Katharsis as used by Aristotle is a medical metaphor, and says : â€Å"theatre is not a hospital.† Both Lucas and Herbert Read regard it as a kind of safety valve. Pity and fear are aroused, we give free play to these emotions as we cannot do in real life, and this safe and free outlet of these emotions is followed by emotional relief. In real life they are repressed, and in the theatre the free indulgence in these emotions, aroused by the suffering of the hero, is safe and brings relief to our pent up souls. LA. Richards also approaches this issue from a psychological angle. Fear is the impulse to withdraw and pity is the impulse to approach. Both these impulses are harmonised and blended in tragedy, and this balance brings relief and repose. Ethical Interpretation The ethical interpretation is that the tragic process is a kind of elevation of the soul, an inner illumination resulting in a more balanced attitude to life and its suffering. Tragedy makes us realise that the divine law operates in the universe, shaping everything for the best. Purification Theory Humphrey House rejects the idea of purgation in the medical sense of the term, and is the most forceful advocate of the ‘purification’ theory, which involves the idea of moral instruction and moral learning. It is a kind of ‘moral conditioning’ which the spectators undergo. So to Humphrey House purgation means ‘cleansing’. This cleansing may be a ‘quantitative evacuation’ or a ‘qualitative change’ in the body brought about by a restoration of proper equilibrium; and a state of health depends on the maintenance of this equilibrium. Tragedy by arousing pity and fear, instead of suppressing them, trains them, and brings back the soul to a balanced state. So Humphrey House regards Katharsis as an educative, and controlling process. Thus according to the purification theory, Katharsis implies that our emotions are purified of excess and defect. Butcher, too, :grees with the advocates of the ‘purification theory1, when he writes, â€Å"the tragic Katharsis involves not only the idea of emotional relief, but the further idea of purifying the emotions so relieved.† Inadequacy of above Theories : Clarification However neither the purgation theory nor purification theory explains the whole thing. The basic defect of these theories is that they are too much occupied with the psychology of the audience, with speculation regarding the effect of tragedy on those who come to the theatre. It is forgotten that Aristotle was writing a treatise, not on psychology, but on the art of poetry. He is more â€Å"concerned with the technique, the way in which an ideal tragedy can be written, and its nature, than’ with its psychological effects. For this reason, eminent modern critics like Leon Golden, O.B. Hardison and G.E. Else advocate the ‘clarification theory.’ According to O.B. Hardison, Aristotle meant pleasure by Katharsis. In his opinion, tragic events are pitiable and fearful. They produce pleasure in the spectator. Hence Catharsis refers to the tragic variety of pleasure. In order to create a tragic pleasure, a tragic poet may begin by select ¬ing a series of incidents that are intrinsically pitiable and fearful. From history or legend, he may borrow material or invent events. â€Å"He then presents them in such a way as to bring out the probable or necessary principles that unite them in a single action and determine their relation to this action ‘Thus catharsis means clarification of the essential and universal significance of the incidents depicted, leading to an enhanced understanding of the universal law which governs human life and des ¬tiny. ‘Catharsis’ is a process of learning, and therefore, pleasurable.’ The Clarification theory has, in this way, various good points in it. (1) It interprets the Catharsis clause as a reference to the technique of the tragedy, and not to the psychology of the audience, and thus recognises the true nature of the Poetics as a technique treatise. (2) It truly interprets Aristotle’s view, contained in his Poetics. (3) It relates catharsis both to the theory of imitation and to the discussion of probability. (4) It is in perfect accordance with current aesthetic theories. Conclusion Purgation and Purification theories are merely incidental. They do not remain authentic and authoritative for long, because the basic tragic emotions are pity and fear. If tragedy is to give pleasure—pleasure that comes from learning—the pity and fear, or atleast the painful element, in them, must be removed. Though there may be purgation in the feelings of pity and fear, but â€Å"it is merely incidental, and secondary.† (O.B. Hardison). Thus Aristotle’s view of Catharsis is mainly intellectual. It is neither didactic nor theological. It is not a moral doctrine requiring the tragic poet to show that bad men come to bed ends, nor is it a kind of theological relief arising from the discovery that God’s laws operate invisibly to make all things work out for the best. POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. â€Å"Catharsis† means purgation, purification, or clarification. 2. Though Aristotle uses the term catharsis only once yet it has given currency to a number of theories. 3. The main theories of Catharsis are—the purgation, the psychological, the ethical, the purification and the clarification. 4. The purgation or pathological theory treats catharsis as something having a pathological effect—on the soul similar to the effect of medicine on the body. Tragedy purges the mind of the unpleasant emotions of pity and fear. 5. The psychological interpretation offered by Lucas, Read and Richards says that tragedy by arousing pity and fear provides emotional outlet to the audience. 6. The ethical interpretation says that the tragic process is a kind of elevation to soul. 7. The Purification Theory presented by Humphrey House says that catharsis means cleansing or purification of emotions of excess and defect. 8. All the above theories are inadequate. Hence the necessit y of Clarification Theory by Golden, Hardison and Else. Aristotle was writing about art and poetry. Hence by Catharsis he meant aesthetic pleasure.

How to Reduce Poverty Through Education Essay

There is no strict consensus on a standard definition of poverty that applies to all countries. Some define poverty through the inequality of income distribution, and some through the miserable human conditions associated with it. Irrespective of such differences, poverty is widespread and acute by all standards in sub-Saharan Africa, where gross domestic product (GDP) is below $1,500 per capita purchasing power parity, where more than 40 per cent of their people live on less than $1 a day, and poor health and schooling hold back productivity. According to the 2009 Human Development Report, sub-Saharan Africa’s Human Development Index, which measures development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment, and income lies in the range of 0.45–0.55, compared to 0.7 and above in other regions of the world. Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa will continue to rise unless the benefits of economic development reach the people. Some sub-Saharan countries have therefore formulated development visions and strategies, identifying respective sources of growth. Tanzania case study The Tanzania Development Vision 2025, for example, aims at transforming a low productivity agricultural economy into a semi-industrialized one through medium-term frameworks, the latest being the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). A review of NSGRP implementation, documented in Tanzania’s Poverty and Human Development Report 2009, attributed the falling GDP—from 7.8 per cent in 2004 to 6.7 per cent in 2006—to the prolonged drought during 2005/06. A further fall to 5 per cent was projected by 2009 due to the global financial crisis. While the proportion of households living below the poverty line reduced slightly from 35.7 per cent in 2000 to 33.6 per cent in 2007, the actual number of poor Tanzanians is increasing because the population is growing at a faster rate. The 2009 HDR showed a similar trend whereby the Human Development Index in Tanzania shot up from 0.436 to 0.53 between 1990 and 2007, and in the same year the GDP reached $1,208 per capita purchasing power parity. Again, the improvements, though commendable, are still modest when compared with the goal of NSGRP and Millennium Development Goal 1 to reduce by 50 per cent the number of people whose income is less than $1 a day by 2010 and 2015. More deliberate efforts are therefore required to redress the situation, with more emphasis placed particularly on education, as most poverty-reduction interventions depend on the availability of human capital for spearheading them. The envisaged economic growth depends on the quantity and quality of inputs, including land, natural resources, labour, and technology. Quality of inputs to a great extent relies on embodied knowledge and skills, which are the basis for innovation, technology development and transfer, and increased productivity and competitiveness. A quick assessment in June 2010 of education statistics in Tanzania indicated that primary school enrolment increased by 5.8 per cent, from 7,959,884 pupils in 2006 to 8,419,305 in 2010. The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) was 106.4 per cent. The transition rate from primary to secondary schools, however, decreased by 6.6 per cent from 49.3 per cent in 2005 to 43.9 per cent in 2009. On an annual average, out of 789,739 pupils who completed primary education, only 418,864 continued on to secondary education, notwithstanding the expansion of secondary school enrolment, from 675,672 students in 2006 to 1,638,699 in 2010, a GER increase from 14.8 to 34.0 percent. Moreover, the observed expansion in secondary school education mainly took place from grades one through four, where the number increased from 630,245 in 2006 to 1,566,685 students in 2010. As such, out of 141,527 students who on an annual average completed ordinary secondary education, only 36,014 proceeded to advanced secondary education. Some improvements have also been recorded at the tertiary level. While enrolment in universities was 37,667 students in 2004/05, there were 118,951 in 2009/10. Adding to this number the students in non-university tertiary institutions totalled 50,173 in 2009/10 and the overall tertiary enrolment reached 169,124 students, providing a GER of 5.3 percent, which is very low. The observed transition rates imply that, on average, 370,875 primary school children terminate their education journey every year at 13 to 14 years of age in Tanzania. The†¨17- to 19-year-old secondary school graduates, unable to obtain opportunities for further education, worsen the situation and the  overall negative impact on economic growth is very apparent, unless there are other opportunities to develop and empower the secondary school graduates. Vocational education and training could be one such opportunity, but the total current enrolment in vocational education in Tanzania is about 117,000 trainees, which is still far from actual needs. A long-term strategy is therefore critical to expand the capacity for vocational education and training so as to increase the employability of the rising numbers of out-of-school youths. This fact was also apparent in the 2006 Tanzania Integrated Labour Force Survey, which indicated that youth between 15 and 24 years were more likely to be unemployed compared to other age groups because they were entering the labour market for the first time without any skills or work experience. The NSGRP target was to reduce unemployment from 12.9 per cent in 2000/01 to 6.9 per cent by 2010; hence the unemployment rate of 11 per cent in 2006 was disheartening. One can easily notice that while enrolment in basic education is promising, the situation at other levels remains bleak in meeting poverty reduction targets. Moreover, apart from the noticeably low university enrolment in Tanzania, only 29 per cent of students are taking science and technology courses, probably due to the small catchment pool at lower levels. While this is so, sustainable and broad-based growth requires strengthening of the link between agriculture and industry. Agriculture needs to be modernized for increased productivity and profitability; small and medium enterprises, promoted, with particular emphasis on agro-processing, technology innovation, and upgrading the use of technologies for value addition; and all, with no or minimum negative impact on the environment. Increased investments in human and physical capital are also highly advocated, focusing on efficient and cost-effective provision of infrastructure for energy, information and communication technologies, and transport with special attention to opening up rural and other areas with economic potential. All these point to the promotion of education in science and technology. Special incentives for attracting investments towards accelerating growth are also emphasized. Experience from elsewhere indicates that foreign direct investment contributes effectively to economic growth when the country has a highly-educated workforce. Domestic firms also need  to be supported and encouraged to pay attention to product development and innovation for ensuring quality and appropriate marketing strategies that make them competitive and capable of responding to global market conditions.  It is therefore very apparent from the Tanzania example that most of the required interventions for growth and the reduction of poverty require a critical mass of high-quality educated people at different levels to effectively respond to the sustainable development challenges of nations.

Web Usability Revisited

Web Usability Revisited Web Usability Revisited Web Usability Revisited By Sharon If youre reading every word of this post, then youre in the minority. More than ten years ago, usability expert Jakob Neilsen published a paper called How Users Read On The Web. He began the paper by saying: They dont. Butterfly Readers Instead web users flit about like butterflies in a garden, pausing at anything that takes their interest. So what does that mean for people who are writing web content? It means that we have to write differently from the way we write for print. Heres a recap of Neilsens advice, which is still relevant, in my opinion. Keep It Short Since people arent going to read a large block of text, then theres no point in having one. A typical web page has more in common with a news story than a magazine article. Its short and to the point anywhere from 250 to 500 words, as a rough guide. Longer articles tend to be broken into several pages, and theres no guarantee that a reader will get past the first page. Inverted Pyramid That leads to the next point, structure. Use the inverted pyramid. That means putting the key information at the start so that readers will get the information you want them to have. If you were writing for print, this information might be your conclusion. For the web, you need to tell readers up front. One Point Per Paragraph If you manage to hook the reader, then theres plenty of time to expand and to tell them why you reached your conclusion. But you have to do it gradually, using a single point per paragraph. Within each paragraph, make the first sentence count if you want readers to get to the second. Use Signposts One way to slow readers down and make them look at your content is to use signposts, such as sub headings, bold text and bulleted lists. These make it easy for web readers to scan the text, but also make them stop and look further. Finally, Neilsen highlights the value of linking out. In part, this provides something else to make readers stop. Links also establish your credibility because they show that you have done some research. Neilsen went on to publish many more columns on web usability, which discuss other aspects such as using images, but I believe the basic advice is a good starting point for all web content writers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersInspiring vs. Inspirational

The Best Quotes From 19th Century Feminist Lucy Stone

The Best Quotes From 19th Century Feminist Lucy Stone Lucy Stone (1818-1893) was a 19th-century feminist and abolitionist who is known for keeping her own name after marriage. She married into the Blackwell family; her husbands sisters included pioneer physicians  Elizabeth Blackwell  and Emily Blackwell. Another Blackwell brother was married to Lucy Stones close confidant, pioneer woman minister  Antoinette Brown Blackwell. On Equal Rights The idea of equal rights was in the air. I think, with never-ending gratitude, that the young women of today do not and can never know at what price their right to free speech and to speak at all in public has been earned. (From her speech, The Progress of Fifty Years) We, the people of the United States. Which We, the people? The women were not included. We want rights. The flour-merchant, the house-builder, and the postman charge us no less on account of our sex; but when we endeavor to earn money to pay all these, then, indeed, we find the difference. I expect to plead not for the slave only, but for suffering humanity everywhere. Especially do I mean to labor for the elevation of my sex. I was a woman before I was an abolitionist. I must speak for the women. We believe that personal independence and equal human rights can never be forfeited, except for crime; that marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership, and so recognized by law; that until it is so recognized, married partners should provide against the radical injustice of present laws, by every means in their power... On the Right to Education Whatever the reason, the idea was born that women could and should be educated. It lifted a mountain load from woman. It shattered the idea, everywhere pervasive as the atmosphere, that women were incapable of education, and would be less womanly, less desirable in every way, if they had it. However much it may have been resented, women accepted the idea of their intellectual inequality. I asked my brother: Can girls learn Greek? The right to education and to free speech having been gained for woman, in the long run every other good thing was sure to be obtained. Henceforth the leaves of the tree of knowledge were for women, and for the healing of the nations. On the Right to Vote You may talk about Free Love, if you please, but we are to have the right to vote. Today we are fined, imprisoned, and hanged, without a jury trial by our peers. You shall not cheat us by getting us off to talk about something else. When we get the suffrage, then you may taunt us with anything you please, and we will then talk about it as long as you please. On Occupations and a Womans Sphere If a woman earned a dollar by scrubbing, her husband had a right to take the dollar and go and get drunk with it and beat her afterwards. It was his dollar. Women are in bondage; their clothes are a great hindrance to their engaging in any business which will make them pecuniarily independent, and since the soul of womanhood never can be queenly and noble so long as it must beg bread for its body, is it not better, even at the expense of a vast deal of annoyance, that they whose lives deserve respect and are greater than their garments should give an example by which woman may more easily work out her own emancipation? Too much has already been said and written about womens sphere. Leave women, then, to find their sphere. Half a century ago women were at an infinite disadvantage in regard to their occupations. The idea that their sphere was at home, and only at home, was like a band of steel on society. But the spinning-wheel and the loom, which had given employment to women, had been superseded by machinery, and something else had to take their places. The taking care of the house and children, and the family sewing, and teaching the little summer school at a dollar per week, could not supply the needs nor fill the aspirations of women. But every departure from these conceded things was met with the cry, You want to get out of your sphere, or, To take women out of their sphere; and that was to fly in the face of Providence, to unsex yourself in short, to be monstrous women, women who, while they orated in public, wanted men to rock the cradle and wash the dishes. We pleaded that whatever was fit to be done at all might with propriety be done by anybody who did it well; that the tools belonged to thos e who could use them; that the possession of a power presupposed a right to its use. I know, Mother, you feel badly and that you would prefer to have me take some other course, if I could in conscience. Yet, Mother, I know you too well to suppose that you would wish me to turn away from what I think is my duty. I surely would not be a public speaker if I sought a life of ease, for it will be a most laborious one; nor would I do it for the sake of honor, for I know that I shall be disesteemed, even hated, by some who are now my friends, or who profess to be. Neither would I do it if I sought wealth, because I could secure it with far more ease and worldly honor by being a teacher. If I would be true to myself, true to my Heavenly Father, I must pursue that course of conduct which, to me, appears best calculated to promote the highest good of the world. The first woman minister, Antoinette Brown, had to meet ridicule and opposition that can hardly be conceived to-day. Now there are women ministers, east and west, all over the country. ... for these years I can only be a mother- no trivial thing, either. But I do believe that a womans truest place is in a home, with a husband and with children, and with large freedom, pecuniary freedom, personal freedom, and the right to vote.  (Lucy Stone to her adult daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell) I know not what you believe of God, but I believe He gave yearnings and longings to be filled, and that He did not mean all our time should be devoted to feeding and clothing the body. On Slavery If, while I hear the shriek of the slave mother robbed of her little ones, I do not open my mouth for the dumb, am I not guilty? Or should I go from house to house to do it, when I could tell so many more in less time, if they should be gathered in one place? You would not object or think it wrong, for a man to plead the cause of the suffering and the outcast; and surely the moral character of the act is not changed because it is done by a woman. The anti-slavery cause had come to break stronger fetters than those that held the slave. The idea of equal rights was in the air. The wail of the slave, his clanking fetters, his utter need, appealed to everybody. Women heard. Angelina and Sara Grimki and Abby Kelly went out to speak for the slaves. Such a thing had never been heard of. An earthquake shock could hardly have startled the community more. Some of the abolitionists forgot the slave in their efforts to silence the women. The Anti-Slavery Society rent itself in twain over the subject. The Church was moved to its very foundation in opposition. On Identity and Courage A wife should no more take her husbands name than he should hers. My name is my identity and must not be lost. I believe that the influence of woman will save the country before every other power. Now all we need is to continue to speak the truth fearlessly, and we shall add to our number those who will turn the scale to the side of equal and full justice in all things. In education, in marriage, in religion, in everything disappointment is the lot of women. It shall be the business of my life to deepen that disappointment in every womans heart until she bows down to it no longer. Make the world better. Source Quote collection  assembled by  Jone Johnson Lewis.

Lack of Written Constitution in U.K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lack of Written Constitution in U.K - Essay Example Britain is regarded as the homeland of the democracy. Further, politically, U.K has been steady and stable for long period. Unlike Germany and France, Britain has not been compelled to draw its constitution due to famous revolt like French revolution or through war. U.K has a cool political weather without any turmoil contrary to revolutionary inflammation that traversed the European continent in the nineteenth century. Rather than in one big bang, U.K constitution has been transformed incrementally over centuries. Whereas, in case of Australia and U.S.A, which are very young nations as compared to UU.K, it is easy to codify their subject’s fundamental rights and political system as a significant step immediately after attaining independence. It is to be noted that majority of world’s democratic countries have structured their written constitutions on the footprints of unwritten version of the British constitution. U.K is perusing a constitutional monarchy with a two-chambered parliament comprises of Houses of Lords and Commons. Informally, though the executive power is headed by the Crown but in actual life, it is being carried out by the ruling government in the name of Crown. The powers vested with the Crown and Sovereign is derived from the Acts of Parliament or from the common law. Virtually, in U.K, there is no separation of power between executive and legislature. The legislative authority is given authority in the sovereign in parliament, cabinet ministers are empowered to enact new acts who are also given power in the process of legislation. Likewise, Lords not only have taken part in the legislative business of the upper house but also sit as judges in the Appellate Committee.

Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freud - Essay Example He believed irrespective of whether the behavior is normal or abnormal, it has its influence from the psychological motives, which are often unconscious. This belief of Freud is called as psychic determinism. These theoretical words help in the explanation of what is called as "Freudian slip". The later work of Freud emphasized that the psyche was divided into three parts and they are the Id, Ego and the Superego. The unconscious Id represents itself as the primary process of thinking of a person's most basic necessities satisfaction type of thoughts. The word Id thus represents the most common and essential needs to be addressed by a person. In the case of Superego there rests socially induced conscience that has been counteracted by the Id on the grounds of moral and ethical conduct. Thus, Freud presented that the Superego of the person many a times counteracts the basic necessities that are required to be addressed. Freud addressed the superego as the unconscious and the ego as a largely conscious state of mind. He had advocated that the ego stands in between the id and the superego in order to balance the two i.e. superego and the id. Thus, a balance of the most primitive needs and the moral/ethical beliefs is being achieved by the in-between penetrative presence of e go. Freud believes that a healthy ego shall help provide the ability by virtue of which one can successfully adapt with the outside environment in a manner that holds the identity of both the id and the superego. Freud especially held the focus of his attention to the study and research on the dynamic relationship that exists between the id, ego and superego. He held special attention to the manner in which the three entered into a conflict. We would now like to throw some essential light on the work of Plato and Socrates. Plato was a Greek Philosopher and was a student of Socrates. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens, where Aristotle was a student. Under the guidance of Socrates, Plato wrote philosophical views. He had contributed to the world of knowledge a very precious collection of manuscripts. The Plato's writings present themselves with debates as related to the best possible form of government. Plato had also held the focus of his writings on several other subjects. The central theme of Plato's work has been a conflict that exists between the nature and convention. This is related to the role of heredity and the environment on the intelligence and personality of humans. The more the pleasures of the body fade away, the greater to me is the pleasure and charm of conversation. -Plato, Greek philosopher, The Republic, 4th century BC What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now they are content with burning my books. -Sigmund Freud Thus, the debate as presented rested on the platform of nature versus nurture. We can notice here that Plato and Socrates have placed ethics upon reason. They have marked the essential practice of following the good as ethical and thus essential. However, the ethics have been excluded from the Freud's conception of the superego, ego and Id description. Thus, the point that some people will not confirm to some actions can be due to their realization of them being ethically wrong. This ethical ground on which the performance of an action is not

Case Study - HR Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

- HR - Case Study Example This project report would deal with a UK based growing company, Vitamond which manufacturers a range of non alcoholic drinks which has positioned as a healthy life style. The company has decided to set up a manufacturing plant in France. Therefore the report would deal with the HR practises and policies of France as compared to UK. The HRM practises usually vary to a great extend between different nationality and it was mainly due to the changing practise of HR policies and practises due to acquisition or expansion. To a great extent, HRM penetration reflects the complex interaction between the difference in between the culture and globalization (Price, 2007, p.593). There exists a huge difference between the human resource practise in UK and that of France. The regulatory factors in UK and France differ in number on aspects. France ranks high in terms of employment protection legislation among the OECD countries. UK employers tend to face minimum legal restriction on firing of an employee and hiring of an employee. A high rate of difference exists between the two countries is in the area of employee representation and performance pay (See Appendix A). It can be seen that performance pay is 19.9% in UK whereas in France it is 72.6% (Lorenz, et.al, n.d, p.5). In UK, additional incentives from the standard pay scales are paid to the employees based on the performance of the individual, but however gender gaps still prevails in UK. However in case of France, the French are the champions for individualisations of compensation which might turn equity into key issues. France has the willingness to increase its compensation flexibility taking into consideration the important and necessary benefits. Therefore the HR professionals experience difficulty in linking the design and implementing its compensation with the structure of the organisation (ÄÅ'esynienÄâ€", 2008,

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership Education Essay

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership Education Essay One What is the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership? Do you see evidence of the leaders in your organizations displaying EI? Explain. Students answer Research suggests that emotional intelligence is related to several aspects of transformational leadership, such as inspirational motivation, individualized consideration (Palmer, Wall, Burgess, Stough, 2001) and idealized influence (Barling, Slater, Kelloway, 2000). Mills (2009) performed a meta-analysis of 48 studies to examine the relationship between emotional-intelligence and effective leadership. Mills found  strong evidence for the essential elements of emotional intelligence models (Bar-On, 2006; Dulewicz Higgs, 2000; Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee, 2002; Mayer Salovey, 1997) and all four components of transformational leadership. Mills suggested that emotions may be intertwined with transformational leadership skills. Based on these results, Mills asserted that emotional intelligence should no longer be considered a soft skill, but should be incorporated into leadership development programs. Several leaders in my organization exhibit the elements of emotional intelligence, as described by Goleman et al. (2002). I would also describe these leaders as effective and transformational.  Do you think that emotional intelligence is a prerequisite of transformational leadership?   References: Barling, J., Slater, F., Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 21, 157-161. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI).  Psicothema, 18 (suppl.), 13-25. Dulewicz, V., Higgs, M. (2000). Emotional intelligence a review and evaluation study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 341-372. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Mills, L. B. (2009). A meta-analysis of hate relationship between emotional intelligence and  effective leadership. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 3, 22-38. Palmer, B. R.,  Walls, M., Burgess, Z., Stough, C. (2001). Emotional intelligence and effective leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 22, 5-10.  Ã‚   Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books. My answer. Emotional intelligence is related to leadership. Its true since the history of emotional intelligence dates back to the times of Darwins work. According to Thorndike (1920) emotional intelligence is defined as the skill of understanding and managing other people. This ability to understand other peoples feelings, fears and motivation is what leadership is all about. In the thesis of Wayne Payne a study of emotional intelligence in 1985 is first defined in terms of the traits related to leadership but the distinction between trait emotional intelligence and ability emotional intelligence is brought in at a later stage in relating personality and leadership. But in my view its true that the two are related. Reference: Thorndike, R.K. (1920). Intelligence and Its Uses. Harpers Magazine 140, 227-335. Question 2 What is the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership? Do you see evidence of the leaders in your organizations displaying EI? Explain. Students answer Emotional intelligence (EI) is a competency, which is considered critical for leaders. Leaders who display emotional intelligence are more likely to have better results within the organization (Goleman, 1998). Emotional intelligence is a form of intelligence does not correlate with a technical ability or a leaders expertise.   EI is a soft skill that enables a leader to motivate a team. Many times leaders are promoted into leadership positions based on individual contributory success. They may have excelled as an individual, but are unable to successfully lead a team. According to Goleman (1998), EI is what sets the two individuals apart. Standard IQ and work experience are important abilities, however, Golemans study proved emotional intelligence to be a critical piece of leadership. This study sited that without EI, a leader will not have the ability to become a great leader. The study also correlated low EI with low performance. Leaders who scored low on emotional intelligence tests had a tendency to be terminated or move out of the leadership position voluntarily (Goleman, 1998). Our organization uses a written test called the Previsior. This is an assessment to measure an employees compatibility with our organizations culture and values. We have had frontline employees who worked for the company for 10 years, apply for a supervisory position and fail the test on a poor match for culture. When I argued the results with our human capital partner. I was told the test was not wrong, and if we deviated for one- it could be viewed as discrimination later. While I think that humans should have the ability to override the decision that a computer make- I think the computer made the right decision for that particular employee. It is a difficult story to tell as a leader though. We say that we promote from within, and then when an employee fails the test we write them off- without offering classes or assistance to pass the test in the future. Reference: Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76, 93-102. My answer. Its true from the works of Goleman he talks more on the links between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness in most of his documentations. From these documentaries although the student does not bring out the relation clearly, according to Geleman its a culture that can be adapted but brings in the issues of cultural intelligence.The researchers Alon Higgins (2005) in their research argue that Cultural intelligence is more important than IQ in a work place. It influences a persons work performance and career success. They move forward to say that emotional intelligence is not only important in our career or business but also in life and leadership. Unlike management, it is all about coping with change while cultural intelligence support this since its defined as the capability for successful adaptation to new culture and unfamiliar setting. Reference: Alon, I. J.M. Higgins. (2005) Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons publisher. Pp.501-512 Question 3 What is the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership? Do you see evidence of the leaders in your organizations displaying EI? Explain. Students answer According to the University of Phoenix Week Seven Lecture, Emotional intelligence is a form of intelligence unrelated to technical or functional expertise. Leaders who display emotional intelligence possess a set of social skills that enable them to guide and motivate followers to achieve company goals (para. 1). Leadership is a persons ability to influence others towards achievement of a common goal. In reviewing the above description of EI, it is stated that EI is social skills that enable them [leaders] to guide and motivate followers to achieve company goals. It seems clear that if EI is not synonymous with leadership, it is extremely closed (directly synergistic). EI plays an essential and direct role in the effectiveness of leadership. Without EI, a leader is essentially not effective and unable to lead or motivate others to achieve common goals. Some of the leaders in my organization display strong EI skills, while others do not. For example, one is much better at maintaining relationships with others and has an open door policy. The other is very much task oriented and very ineffective at building or maintaining relationships. The first one is a very effective team builder, while the other demoralizes and frustrates everyone. Everyone wants to follow the first, while people only follow the other in-so-much as they have to due to his legitimate power (from his position).  Ã‚  Were it not for his legitimate power,  no one in the organization would give him the time of day.   The difference  between these two leaders has shown me the critical importance EI plays in leadership.   Reference Leadership and emotions. (2010). Retrieved from University of Phoenix website: http://classroom.phoenix.edu/afm211/secure/view-thread.jspa?threadID=22548101 My answer. Just like the first question the student has clearly stated the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence.The only problem he does not have citations in his text to support the ideas. From the works of Salovey (1990) describes emotional intelligence as based on the ability of a leader to understand their own emotions and that of colleagues they work with. He describes three approaches to EI as trait approach, competency and emotional approach. From his text he does not shed out correctly the emotional trait of the leader he claims not to be corporative with other employees he could only be strict to his principles of leadership. Reference: Salovey, P. Mayer, J.D. (1990).Emotional Intelligence, Imagination, Cognition and Personality. Pp 185-211 Question 4 What subjects or topic areas should be included in leadership development programs in the public and private sector? Why did you select these topics? Are leadership training programs today effective? Explain. Students answer The purpose of a leadership program is to prepare leaders with practical strategies that can help them to develop personal plans for developing their leadership potential. Similar topics should be included in leadership training for both the private and the public sector leaders.   One may argue to say that government leaders need addition training in ethics, truth and transparency, but these issues are important to all leaders.  A leadership development plan should include: A strategy guide to develop full potential as leaders Identify techniques to improve your communication skills Develop strategies to manage conflict effectively Teach issues related to the delegation and evaluation of work performance by others Describe ways in which to enhance the leaders ability to cope with change, manage stress, and improve time management skills Provide strategies to improve your critical thinking skills Assist the leader in developing a plan for a rewarding career My answer What the student has presented is true. Leadership programmes remain vital even today both in public and private sectors due to the dynamic demands of management towards result appraisal and performance oriented way of leadership. All topics on leadership are meant for service delivery in leadership that a leader is an individual who is able to manage and lead others in a achieving a set goal. Just as in the case of leadership and emotional intelligence adapting to the different cultures is the important thing in delivery because different organization has got different cultures of management. I think addition of IT in leadership is a vital topic to be included with the rise of computer era in management. Question 5 Why did you select these topics? Are leadership training programs today effective? Explain. Students answer I selected these topics because, these  topics are crucial to the success of leaders within  our organization.  I also feel that  senior leaders did not provide  our middle  management team with  the tools that  are needed for progression to the next level.  Leadership training programs have  recognized needs of the leaders, but since the downturn in the economy- resources are scare and companies are looking for leaders  who can increase revenues  and produce results quickly.   These  leaders have a proven record of accomplishment and require minimal training.    Leadership is a subject that continues to be examined and even discussed in the educational system for youth. In the public and private sector there are three subjects that should be included, which are honesty and integrity. According to Wren (1998), integrity is the correspondence between word and deed and honesty refers to being truthful or non-deceitful. The two form the foundation of a trusting relationship between leader and followers. These subjects should be included because so many in leadership lack honesty and integrity. The primary leader of an organization or prominent figure shapes the morale or culture of that company, city, country, etcThe behaviors of the leader can have a great impact, thus, learning the cause and effect of being dishonest and lacking integrity should be taught. Leadership training programs are effective today, because they teach extensively how to lead others. Its only effectiveness lies in the person being trained, and what they expect to rec eive. Often times, one can have the best process that has been proven to work; however the individual can be nonreceptive. This does not mean the program is insufficient; it is the persons desire to be trained. Reference Wren, J.T. (1998). Leaders companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: My answer. I agree with the write that leadership training programs are important and they teach how to extensively lead others. These training programs are important if one needs to progress to management level in an organization. The training will at the end improve the companys productivity. This is achieved by adding value to the quality of work hence bringing in new customers. This takes a company to a different level and gaining a competitive advantage over competitors.Companys spend a lot of money in researching about a specific strategic plan and also in implementing it. It would be unfortunate if the leaders are not trained to move hand in hand with these changes. This can be done through invitation of guest speakers who may talk ton whole employs to get the desired company expectations.

Is Knowledge Worth Seeking :: essays research papers

Socrates argued that actively seeking out knowledge leads to the ability of man to moderate his behavior accordingly. If one examines a situation thoughtfully, and from several angles, the most logical course of action will present itself. By exercising this method of reasoning a person becomes wise. Socrates would call this the ability to govern the qualities of your soul properly and it is undoubtedly what he sought. The process brings out the virtuous qualities in man and allows him to make decisions based on truth, which leads ultimately to good. Discipline of the mind can only benefit its owner; and thus knowledge is worth seeking. Socrates defines knowledge as absolute truth. He believes that everything in the universe is innately connected; if one thing is known then potentially everything can be derived from that one truth. The fundamental ideas that Socrates seeks to uncover are called forms. This concept is illustrated when Socrates questions Meno on what virtue is. Meno answer with several examples of what is virtuous. This of course is not what Socrates is asking; he is asking Meno what all virtuous acts share in common. For Socrates this relationship between all virtuous acts is what virtue fundamentally is. A person can see virtuous acts but cannot see virtue. Because of this, the idea of virtue must exist somewhere independent of the perceivable world. This is true with all forms or ideas of perfection: they are something that cannot be known by human sense but reasoned out by individual human thought. One cannot, however, mistake knowledge for right opinion. Socrates makes distinctions between right opinion and knowledge. Opinions are not something that one can seek because they are beliefs held on shaky ground. â€Å"True opinions are a fine thing and do all sorts of good so long as they stay in their place, but they will not stay long. They run away from a man’s mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (97-98, Meno) Knowledge is unmistakable truth that cannot be changed in an argument: it holds true in all situations in all time. In matters pertaining to everlasting truths, one can argue that such truths are relative only to man in his finite reflective state. If these absolute ideas are true for all of time, did they exist before man did? If so, who was it that thought of them? Since one must contemplate these absolute truths (and the origin of anything contemplated is in the human mind), they are thus absolute only to humans. Is Knowledge Worth Seeking :: essays research papers Socrates argued that actively seeking out knowledge leads to the ability of man to moderate his behavior accordingly. If one examines a situation thoughtfully, and from several angles, the most logical course of action will present itself. By exercising this method of reasoning a person becomes wise. Socrates would call this the ability to govern the qualities of your soul properly and it is undoubtedly what he sought. The process brings out the virtuous qualities in man and allows him to make decisions based on truth, which leads ultimately to good. Discipline of the mind can only benefit its owner; and thus knowledge is worth seeking. Socrates defines knowledge as absolute truth. He believes that everything in the universe is innately connected; if one thing is known then potentially everything can be derived from that one truth. The fundamental ideas that Socrates seeks to uncover are called forms. This concept is illustrated when Socrates questions Meno on what virtue is. Meno answer with several examples of what is virtuous. This of course is not what Socrates is asking; he is asking Meno what all virtuous acts share in common. For Socrates this relationship between all virtuous acts is what virtue fundamentally is. A person can see virtuous acts but cannot see virtue. Because of this, the idea of virtue must exist somewhere independent of the perceivable world. This is true with all forms or ideas of perfection: they are something that cannot be known by human sense but reasoned out by individual human thought. One cannot, however, mistake knowledge for right opinion. Socrates makes distinctions between right opinion and knowledge. Opinions are not something that one can seek because they are beliefs held on shaky ground. â€Å"True opinions are a fine thing and do all sorts of good so long as they stay in their place, but they will not stay long. They run away from a man’s mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (97-98, Meno) Knowledge is unmistakable truth that cannot be changed in an argument: it holds true in all situations in all time. In matters pertaining to everlasting truths, one can argue that such truths are relative only to man in his finite reflective state. If these absolute ideas are true for all of time, did they exist before man did? If so, who was it that thought of them? Since one must contemplate these absolute truths (and the origin of anything contemplated is in the human mind), they are thus absolute only to humans.

Agree or Disagree: Your Job Has Greater Happiness Than Your Social Life Essay

Society changes at an unprecedented speed. So does people’s views toward their jobs. This has aroused a heated discussion whether people’s jobs own more happiness than their social life dose. From my point of view, compared with working, my social life means more. To begin with, admittedly, there exist some people who relish their job and consider it whole part of their life. For instance, an honorable professor in my university spends all his lifetime with his students and colleagues. He poses all his heart to the studying field of Chinese film. Only by referring to this concerned field, can he have the eyes lustrous. Without any other social activities, he lives a very satisfying life. However, it literally differs person to person. As for me, job is merely one aspect of my life. True, it provides the opportunity to enlarge my vision on profuse communicating methods and help me be seemingly mature. But the vision is limited to certain fields, knowledges without any connections with job still stay in an uncultivated state, such as skills of veraciously making friends, spirits of exploring new areas, kindness to others and so on. Lacking these crucial elements, I wonder whether it can be a happy life. Perhaps even more significantly, social life can help maintain a good health status. People could select a multitude of activities which make benefits for their physical health. For people like me, I play tennis every weekend, resulting in that I have not caught a cold for almost three years. And this offers the requisite basic of a happy life. In addition, social life also could be make advantages of by diverting concentration then assuage spiritual pressure. We could travel and spot various scenery with diverse people, make fun of different circles of friends, experience other’s lifestyles, explore deeper information of beloved fields. In sum, social life could better life quality and life contentment due to many reasons discussed above. Therefore, not only working, but also combining social life, life could be more variegated.

How I Know My Mother Loves Me Essay

When I was very young, I was a sickly child. In fact, I had to spend most of my life away from school and in bed. Not surprisingly, I was miserable. I fretted a lot and constantly demanded my mother’s attention. I was a spoiled brat.During the day, I would demand that my favorite delicacies be served to me and that my favorite stories be read to me. At odd hours of the night, I would ask for a hot drink or a cookie, or just some company.†Mummy, stay with me!† was my constant whine.Not once was that demand refused. Not once did my mother groan or grumble. She answered every unreasonable demand of mine with unfailing patience. My mother would put everything aside to comfort me.My world was very small then. There was just me and Mummy. My world consisted of the feel of her cool palms soothing my brow and her floral scent as she leaned over me to tuck in my blanket. I remember her low voice, hushing me as I fretted about the pains in my joints. Most of all, I remember the look in her eyes, of deep concern for her sick child. That was how I knew my mother loved me then.Miraculously, I have outgrown my childhood ailments. Now that I am on the threshold of adulthood, my world has grown to include many exciting friends. Set free from the prison of the sickbed, I revel in the fun that the world has to offer.My relationship with my mother has suffered from my wild pursuit of fun. She criticizes my choice of friends and tries to enforce rules and regulations to curb my activities.Two nights ago, I stayed out way, way past my â€Å"curfew† hour, which is eleven o’clock. It was almost 1 a.m. when I reached my house. To make matters worse, I had been unable to call home to inform my mother that I would be delayed. There were no phones where we were â€Å"hanging out†. I knew that I was in for it!My mother flung open the door the minute she heard my friend’s car pull in. Her face was red, sweat was pouring down her temples. My friends made a quick exit as she ranted at me, her arms waving wildly. I didn’t say a word, in case one of those hands should find its mark on my face. I was ordered straight to bed.As I got into bed, she stood in my room, still ranting at me for my disobedience and â€Å"wild behavior†. I was tired. I just wanted to sleep. I looked up at her face to try to gauge if her scolding would be continuing much longer.Then I saw something familiar about the look in her eyes. It was the same look of concern that she had always had when I was so sick. I saw in her eyes all the fears that she had suffered that night as she waited for her daughter to return safely.This is how I know my mother loves me now.

Illegal immigration essays

Illegal immigration essays The problems created by waves of illegal immigrants leaving Mexico for the United States are very real. Every succeeding year sees an increase in the amount of those caught while trying to cross. One must ask why does such a wealthy developing country, with mineral resources and oil reserves, and a population of nearly 100 million people and a rich culture dating back to the 1500s, need to have economic and social difficulties that force such a large exodus every year? And why does the established government of Mexico seem incapable of solving this issue? Border agents called Federal Prevention Police have proved inadequate in stopping the flow of Mexicans going north. The 700 lawmen posted along the border have done little to break up the polleros or border-traffickers. The United States has thousands of Border Patrol agents stretched along the entire U.S.-Mexican border and Mexican border towns have extra police stationed at strategic points to curb the flow. But many people making the crossing die in the attempt; mostly due to exposure but some are outright murdered. Vigilante gangs have formed in many southern states hunting down illegal Mexicans, and local Militia groups have also contributed to the violence done to those apprehended entering the U.S. Those caught by the police agencies are lucky indeed. However, more than 320,00 make it across by eluding the authorities on both sides of the border every year. Many of these unfortunates meet a deadly end. Last year 356 died trying to enter illegally. The perpetrators are rarely caught or punished. (Immigration-Mexico P.1,2) The people coming across illegally do not do so for free. An illegal crossing comes at a price. And many smuggling rings operate on both sides of the border. The illegals have paid money either to a pollero or to the local police or both. Currently the price to cross ranges from $1,500 to $3,000 for a ride into the U.S. Many ...

Dorothy Dandridge, First Oscar-Nominated Black Actress

Dorothy Dandridge, First Oscar-Nominated Black Actress Dorothy Dandridge (Nov. 9, 1922–Sept. 8, 1965) had everything it took to succeed in 1950s Hollywood- she could sing, dance, and act, and was beautiful- but she was born black. Despite the biased era in which she lived, Dandridge became the first black woman to grace the cover of Life magazine and to receive an Academy Award nomination for best actress in a major motion picture. Fast Facts: Dorothy Dandridge ï » ¿Known For: Groundbreaking black actor, singer, dancerBorn: Nov. 9, 1922 in Cleveland, OhioParents: Ruby and Cyril DandridgeDied: Sept. 8, 1965 in Hollywood, CaliforniaAwards and Honors: Academy Award nomination, Golden GlobeSpouse(s): Harold Nicholas, Jack DenisonChildren: LynnNotable Quote: If I were white, I could capture the world. Early Life When Dorothy Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on Nov. 9, 1922, her parents had already separated. Dorothy’s mother, Ruby Dandridge, was five months pregnant when she left her husband Cyril, taking their older daughter Vivian with her.  Ruby believed her husband was a spoiled mamas boy who would never leave his mother’s house, so she left. Ruby supported her daughters with domestic work. Dorothy and Vivian displayed an early talent for singing and dancing and began performing at local theaters and churches when Dorothy was 5. Ruby’s friend Geneva Williams, moved in, and although she taught the girls to play the piano, she pushed them hard and cruelly punished them. Ruby never noticed. Years later, Vivian and Dorothy figured out that Williams was their mothers lover. She and Williams labeled Dorothy and Vivian The Wonder Children. They moved to Nashville, and Dorothy and Vivian signed with the National Baptist Convention to tour churches throughout the South. The Wonder Children toured for three years, attracting regular bookings and earning a solid income, but Dorothy and Vivian wearied of the act and long hours practicing. They had no time for activities normal for youngsters their age. Lucky Breaks The Great Depression dried up bookings, so Ruby moved them to Hollywood. where Dorothy and Vivian enrolled in dance classes. When Ruby heard the girls and a dance school friend sing together, she knew they were a great team. Now known as The Dandridge Sisters, their big break came in 1935 when they appeared in the Paramount musical The Big Broadcast of 1936. In 1937, they had a small part in the Marx Brothers film A Day at the Races. In 1938 the trio appeared in Going Places, performing Jeepers Creepers with Louis Armstrong, and was booked at New Yorks Cotton Club.  Williams and the girls moved there, but her mother, having found small acting jobs, stayed in Hollywood. In Cotton Club rehearsals, Dorothy met Harold Nicholas of the Nicholas Brothers dance team and they began dating. The Dandridge Sisters were a hit and attracted lucrative offers. Perhaps to get Dorothy away from Nicholas, Williams signed them for a European tour. They dazzled European audiences, but the tour was shortened by World War II. The Dandridge Sisters returned to Hollywood, where the Nicholas Brothers were filming. Dorothy resumed her romance with Nicholas. The Dandridge Sisters performed a few more engagements but eventually split up. Dorothy then began to work on a solo career. Hard Lessons Hoping to succeed without help from her mother or Williams, Dandridge landed small parts in low-budget films, including Four Shall Die (1940), Lady From Louisiana (1941), and Sundown (1941), and sang and danced with the Nicholas Brothers to Chattanooga Choo Choo† in Sun Valley Serenade (1941) with the Glenn Miller Band. Dandridge refused demeaning roles offered to black actors- savages, slaves, or servants- but the sisters worked steadily. They both married in 1942, with 19-year-old Dorothy Dandridge wedding 21-year-old Nicholas on Sept. 6. After a life of hard work, all she wanted was to be the ideal wife. Nicholas started taking long trips, however, and when he was home he spent his time playing golf or philandering. Dandridge blamed her sexual inexperience for Nicholass infidelity. When she happily discovered she was pregnant, she believed Nicholas would settle down. Dandridge, 20, delivered a lovely daughter, Harolyn (Lynn) Suzanne Dandridge, on Sept. 2, 1943. She was a loving mother, but as Lynn grew, Dandridge sensed something was wrong. Her hyper 2-year-old cried constantly and didnt interact with people. Lynn was deemed developmentally disabled, likely due to lack of oxygen during birth. During this troublesome period, Nicholas was often physically and emotionally unavailable. In 1949, she obtained a divorce, but Nicholas avoided paying child support. Now a single mother, Dandridge reached out to her mother and Williams to care for Lynn until she could stabilize her career. Club Scene Dandridge loathed nightclub performing but knew an immediate, substantial movie role was unlikely. She contacted an arranger she had worked with at the Cotton Club, who helped her become a sultry, dazzling performer. She was mostly well received but learned that racism in many places, including Las Vegas, was as bad as in the Deep South. Being black, she couldnt share a bathroom, lobby, elevator, or swimming pool with whites. Even when she was headlining, her dressing room was usually a janitors closet or dingy storage room. But critics raved about her performances. She opened at the famed Mocambo Club in Hollywood and was booked in New York, becoming the first African-American to stay in and perform at the Waldorf Astoria. Club dates gave Dandridge publicity to land film work. Bit parts flowed in, but Dandridge had to compromise her standards, agreeing in 1950 to play a jungle queen in Tarzan’s Peril. Finally, in August 1952, Dandridge got the lead in MGMs Bright Road, an all-black production about a Southern schoolteacher. She was ecstatic about her role, the first of three film appearances she made with Harry Belafonte- who eventually became a close friend. Stardom Good reviews earned an even greater prize. The lead in the 1954 movie Carmen Jones, based on the opera Carmen, called for a sultry vixen. Dandridge was neither. Director Otto Preminger reportedly thought she was too classy to play Carmen. Dandridge donned a wig, a low-cut blouse, a seductive skirt, and heavy make-up. When she entered Premingers office the next day, he reportedly yelled, Its Carmen! Carmen Jones opened on Oct. 28, 1954, and was a smash. Dandridges performance made her the first black woman on the cover of Life magazine. Then she learned of her Academy Award nomination for best actress. No other African-American had earned that distinction. After 30 years in show business, Dorothy Dandridge was a star. At the Academy Award ceremony on March 30, 1955, Dandridge shared the nomination with Grace Kelly, Audrey Hepburn, Jane Wyman, and Judy Garland. Though Kelly won for her role in The Country Girl, Dandridge at 32 had broken through Hollywoods glass ceiling. Tough Decisions While Carmen Jones was filming, Dandridge began an affair with Preminger, who was separated but still married. In 1950s America, interracial romance was taboo, and Preminger was careful to show only a business interest in her publicly. In 1956, she was offered the supporting role of slave girl Tuptim in The King and I, but Preminger advised against it. She regretted turning it down when The King and I became enormously successful. Dandridges relationship with Preminger soon soured. She was pregnant, but he refused to get a divorce. He broke off their relationship and Dandridge had an abortion to avoid scandal. Afterward, Dandridge was seen with many white co-stars. Anger over her dating â€Å"out of her race† flooded the media. In 1957, a tabloid reported on a tryst between her and a Lake Tahoe man.  Dandridge testified in court that such a liaison was impossible because a curfew for people of color confined her to her room. She won a $10,000 settlement. Bad Choices Two years after Carmen Jones, Dandridge returned to acting. Fox cast her alongside Belafonte in Island in the Sun, a controversial movie dealing with interracial relationships. She protested the dispassionate love scene with her white co-star, but the producers were nervous. The film was successful but deemed nonessential by critics. Dandridge was frustrated. She couldnt find opportunities to showcase her talents and her career lost momentum. While the United States pondered race issues, Dandridges manager Earl Mills secured a role for her in the French film Tamango. The movie, which portrayed her in steamy love scenes with blond co-star Curd Jurgens, was a hit in Europe but wasnt shown in America until four years later. In 1958, Dandridge was chosen to play a native girl in The Decks Ran Red. Like Tamango, it was considered unremarkable. Dandridge was desperate, so when she was offered the lead in a major production of Porgy and Bess in 1959, she jumped at it. The characters were stereotypes- drunks, drug addicts, rapists, and other undesirables- that she had avoided her entire career, yet she was tormented by her refusal to appear in The King and I. Against the advice of Belafonte, who turned down Porgy, Dandridge accepted the role of Bess. Her performance won a Golden Globe, but the film didnt live up to the hype.   Hitting Bottom Dandridge married restaurant owner Jack Denison on June 22, 1959. Dandridge loved his attention, but his restaurant was failing, so she agreed to perform there to attract business. Mills, now her former manager, warned against it, but she listened to Denison. Dandridge soon discovered that Denison was physically abusive. Adding insult to injury, an investment she had made turned out to be a scam. Dandridge was broke. She began drinking heavily while taking anti-depressants. She finally kicked Denison out of her Hollywood Hills home and filed for divorce in November 1962. Dandridge, who earned $250,000 the year she married Denison, filed for bankruptcy after losing everything. Things got worse. She hadnt paid her daughters caretaker for two months, so she was caring for Lynn, now 20, violent, and unmanageable. No longer able to afford private care, she had to commit Lynn to the state mental hospital. Increasingly desperate, Dandridge contacted Mills, who agreed to manage her again and help her regain her health. He got her into a health spa in Mexico and planned several nightclub engagements there. By most accounts, Dandridge was coming back strong, receiving enthusiastic responses for the Mexican performances. She was scheduled for a New York engagement but fractured her foot on a flight of stairs while in Mexico. The doctor recommended having a cast placed on her foot. Death On the morning of Sept. 8, 1965, back in Hollywood, Dandridge asked Mills to reschedule the appointment for her cast so she could get more sleep. When he went to pick her up that afternoon, he found her on the bathroom floor, dead at age 42. Her death was initially attributed to a blood clot from her fractured foot, but an autopsy revealed a lethal dose of the anti-depressant Tofranil. Whether the overdose was accidental or intentional remains unknown. Legacy Dandridges last wishes, left in a note given to Mills months before her death, were for all her belongings to go to her mother. Despite her Life magazine cover, her Oscar nomination, her Golden Globe, and her extensive body of work, only $2.14 remained in her bank account after her death. Sources Dorothy Dandridge: American Singer and Actress. Encyclopedia Britannica.Dorothy Dandridge Biography. Biography.com.